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 EQUIPMENT
 Assume a character owns at least one outfit of normal clothes. Pick any one of the following clothing outfits: artisan's outfit, entertainer's outfit, explorer's outfit, monk's outfit, peasant's outfit, scholar's outfit, or traveler's outfit.

 WEALTH AND MONEY
 COINS
The most common coin is the gold piece (gp). A gold piece is worth 10 silver pieces. Each silver piece is worth 10 copper pieces (cp). In addition to copper, silver, and gold coins, there are also platinum pieces (pp), which are each worth 10 gp.
The standard coin weighs about a third of an ounce (fifty to the pound).


Table: Coins        
————— Exchange Value ————
CP SP GP PP
Copper piece (cp) = 1 1/10 1/100 1/1,000
Silver piece (sp) = 10 1 1/10 1/100
Gold piece (gp) = 100 10 1 1/10
Platinum piece (pp) = 1,000 100 10 1

WEALTH OTHER THAN COINS
Merchants commonly exchange trade goods without using currency. As a means of comparison, some trade goods are detailed below.

Table: Trade Goods        
Cost Item
1 cp One pound of wheat
2 cp One pound of flour, or one chicken
1 sp One pound of iron
5 sp One pound of tobacco or copper
1 gp One pound of cinnamon, or one goat
2 gp One pound of ginger or pepper, or one sheep
3 gp One pig
4 gp One square yard of linen
5 gp One pound of salt or silver
10 gp One square yard of silk, or one cow
15 gp One pound of saffron or cloves, or one ox
50 gp One pound of gold
500 gp One pound of platinum

SELLING LOOT
In general, a character can sell something for half its listed price.
Trade goods are the exception to the half-price rule. A trade good, in this sense, is a valuable good that can be easily exchanged almost as if it were cash itself.
WEAPONS
 WEAPON CATEGORIES
Weapons are grouped into several interlocking sets of categories.
These categories pertain to what training is needed to become proficient in a weapon's use (simple, martial, or exotic), the weapon's usefulness either in close combat (melee) or at a distance (ranged, which includes both thrown and projectile weapons), its relative encumbrance (light, one-handed, or two-handed), and its size (Small, Medium, or Large).
Simple, Martial, and Exotic Weapons: Anybody but a druid, monk, rogue, or wizard is proficient with all simple weapons. Barbarians, fighters, paladins, and rangers are proficient with all simple and all martial weapons. Characters of other classes are proficient with an assortment of mainly simple weapons and possibly also some martial or even exotic weapons. A character who uses a weapon with which he or she is not proficient takes a –4 penalty on attack rolls.
Melee and Ranged Weapons: Melee weapons are used for making melee attacks, though some of them can be thrown as well. Ranged weapons are thrown weapons or projectile weapons that are not effective in melee.
Reach Weapons: Glaives, guisarmes, lances, longspears, ranseurs, spiked chains, and whips are reach weapons. A reach weapon is a melee weapon that allows its wielder to strike at targets that aren't adjacent to him or her. Most reach double the wielder's natural reach, meaning that a typical Small or Medium wielder of such a weapon can attack a creature 10 feet away, but not a creature in an adjacent square. A typical Large character wielding a reach weapon of the appropriate size can attack a creature 15 or 20 feet away, but not adjacent creatures or creatures up to 10 feet away.
Double Weapons: Dire flails, dwarven urgroshes, gnome hooked hammers, orc double axes, quarterstaffs, and two-bladed swords are double weapons. A character can fight with both ends of a double weapon as if fighting with two weapons, but he or she incurs all the normal attack penalties associated with two-weapon combat, just as though the character were wielding a one-handed weapon and a light weapon.
The character can also choose to use a double weapon two handed, attacking with only one end of it. A creature wielding a double weapon in one hand can't use it as a double weapon—only one end of the weapon can be used in any given round.
Thrown Weapons: Daggers, clubs, shortspears, spears, darts, javelins, throwing axes, light hammers, tridents, shuriken, and nets are thrown weapons. The wielder applies his or her Strength modifier to damage dealt by thrown weapons (except for splash weapons). It is possible to throw a weapon that isn't designed to be thrown (that is, a melee weapon that doesn't have a numeric entry in the Range Increment column on Table: Weapons), but a character who does so takes a –4 penalty on the attack roll. Throwing a light or one-handed weapon is a standard action, while throwing a two-handed weapon is a full-round action. Regardless of the type of weapon, such an attack scores a threat only on a natural roll of 20 and deals double damage on a critical hit. Such a weapon has a range increment of 10 feet.
Projectile Weapons: Light crossbows, slings, heavy crossbows, shortbows, composite shortbows, longbows, composite longbows, hand crossbows, and repeating crossbows are projectile weapons. Most projectile weapons require two hands to use (see specific weapon descriptions). A character gets no Strength bonus on damage rolls with a projectile weapon unless it's a specially built composite shortbow, specially built composite longbow, or sling. If the character has a penalty for low Strength, apply it to damage rolls when he or she uses a bow or a sling.
Ammunition: Projectile weapons use ammunition: arrows (for bows), bolts (for crossbows), or sling bullets (for slings). When using a bow, a character can draw ammunition as a free action; crossbows and slings require an action for reloading. Generally speaking, ammunition that hits its target is destroyed or rendered useless, while normal ammunition that misses has a 50% chance of being destroyed or lost.
Although they are thrown weapons, shuriken are treated as ammunition for the purposes of drawing them, crafting masterwork or otherwise special versions of them (see Masterwork Weapons), and what happens to them after they are thrown.

Light, One-Handed, and Two-Handed Melee Weapons: This designation is a measure of how much effort it takes to wield a weapon in combat. It indicates whether a melee weapon, when wielded by a character of the weapon's size category, is considered a light weapon, a one-handed weapon, or a two-handed weapon.
Light: A light weapon is easier to use in one's off hand than a one-handed weapon is, and it can be used while grappling. A light weapon is used in one hand. Add the wielder's Strength bonus (if any) to damage rolls for melee attacks with a light weapon if it's used in the primary hand, or one-half the wielder's Strength bonus if it's used in the off hand. Using two hands to wield a light weapon gives no advantage on damage; the Strength bonus applies as though the weapon were held in the wielder's primary hand only.
An unarmed strike is always considered a light weapon.
One-Handed: A one-handed weapon can be used in either the primary hand or the off hand. Add the wielder's Strength bonus to damage rolls for melee attacks with a one-handed weapon if it's used in the primary hand, or 1/2 his or her Strength bonus if it's used in the off hand. If a one-handed weapon is wielded with two hands during melee combat, add 1-1/2 times the character's Strength bonus to damage rolls.
Two-Handed: Two hands are required to use a two-handed melee weapon effectively. Apply 1-1/2 times the character's Strength bonus to damage rolls for melee attacks with such a weapon.

Weapon Size: Every weapon has a size category. This designation indicates the size of the creature for which the weapon was designed.
A weapon's size category isn't the same as its size as an object. Instead, a weapon's size category is keyed to the size of the intended wielder. In general, a light weapon is an object two size categories smaller than the wielder, a one-handed weapon is an object one size category smaller than the wielder, and a two-handed weapon is an object of the same size category as the wielder.
Inappropriately Sized Weapons: A creature can't make optimum use of a weapon that isn't properly sized for it. A cumulative –2 penalty applies on attack rolls for each size category of difference between the size of its intended wielder and the size of its actual wielder. If the creature isn't proficient with the weapon a –4 nonproficiency penalty also applies.
The measure of how much effort it takes to use a weapon (whether the weapon is designated as a light, one-handed, or two-handed weapon for a particular wielder) is altered by one step for each size category of difference between the wielder's size and the size of the creature for which the weapon was designed. If a weapon's designation would be changed to something other than light, one-handed, or two-handed by this alteration, the creature can't wield the weapon at all.

Improvised Weapons: Sometimes objects not crafted to be weapons nonetheless see use in combat. Because such objects are not designed for this use, any creature that uses one in combat is considered to be nonproficient with it and takes a –4 penalty on attack rolls made with that object. To determine the size category and appropriate damage for an improvised weapon, compare its relative size and damage potential to the weapon list to find a reasonable match. An improvised weapon scores a threat on a natural roll of 20 and deals double damage on a critical hit. An improvised thrown weapon has a range increment of 10 feet.

WEAPON QUALITIES
Here is the format for weapon entries (given as column headings on Table: Weapons, below).
Cost: This value is the weapon's cost in gold pieces (gp) or silver pieces (sp). The cost includes miscellaneous gear that goes with the weapon.
This cost is the same for a Small or Medium version of the weapon. A Large version costs twice the listed price.
Damage: The Damage columns give the damage dealt by the weapon on a successful hit. The column labeled “Dmg (S)” is for Small weapons. The column labeled “Dmg (M)” is for Medium weapons. If two damage ranges are given then the weapon is a double weapon. Use the second damage figure given for the double weapon's extra attack. Table: Tiny and Large Weapon Damage gives weapon damage values for weapons of those sizes.

Table: Tiny and Large Weapon Damage        
Medium Weapon Damage Tiny Weapon Damage Large Weapon Damage
1d2 — 1d3
1d3 1 1d4
1d4 1d2 1d6
1d6 1d3 1d8
1d8 1d4 2d6
1d10 1d6 2d8
1d12 1d8 3d6
2d4 1d4 2d6
2d6 1d8 3d6
2d8 1d10 3d8
2d10 2d6 4d8

Critical: The entry in this column notes how the weapon is used with the rules for critical hits. When your character scores a critical hit, roll the damage two, three, or four times, as indicated by its critical multiplier (using all applicable modifiers on each roll), and add all the results together.
Exception: Extra damage over and above a weapon's normal damage is not multiplied when you score a critical hit.
x2: The weapon deals double damage on a critical hit.
x3: The weapon deals triple damage on a critical hit.
x3/x4: One head of this double weapon deals triple damage on a critical hit. The other head deals quadruple damage on a critical hit.
x4: The weapon deals quadruple damage on a critical hit.
19–20/x2: The weapon scores a threat on a natural roll of 19 or 20 (instead of just 20) and deals double damage on a critical hit. (The weapon has a threat range of 19–20.)
18–20/x2: The weapon scores a threat on a natural roll of 18, 19, or 20 (instead of just 20) and deals double damage on a critical hit. (The weapon has a threat range of 18–20.)
Range Increment: Any attack at less than this distance is not penalized for range. However, each full range increment imposes a cumulative –2 penalty on the attack roll. A thrown weapon has a maximum range of five range increments. A projectile weapon can shoot out to ten range increments.
Weight: This column gives the weight of a Medium version of the weapon. Halve this number for Small weapons and double it for Large weapons.
Type: Weapons are classified according to the type of damage they deal: bludgeoning, piercing, or slashing. Some monsters may be resistant or immune to attacks from certain types of weapons.
Some weapons deal damage of multiple types. If a weapon is of two types, the damage it deals is not half one type and half another; all of it is both types. Therefore, a creature would have to be immune to both types of damage to ignore any of the damage from such a weapon.
In other cases, a weapon can deal either of two types of damage. In a situation when the damage type is significant, the wielder can choose which type of damage to deal with such a weapon.
Special: Some weapons have special features. See the weapon descriptions for details.

Table: Weapons

Simple Weapons Cost Dmg (S) Dmg (M) Critical Range Increment Weight Type Tags
Simple Melee - Light
Dagger 2 gp 1d3 1d4 19-20/x2 10 ft. 1 lb. Piercing or slashing Finesse, Bleed, Thrown
Club - 1d3 1d4 x2 10 ft. 3 lb. Bludgeoning Stagger, Thrown
Sickle 6 gp 1d4 1d6 x2 - 2 lb. Slashing Bleed
Simple Melee - Medium
Mace 12 gp 1d4 1d6 x2 - 8 lb. Bludgeoning Stagger
Morningstar 8 gp 1d6 1d8 x2 - 6 lb. Bludgeoning and piercing Stagger
Shortspear 1 gp 1d4 1d6 x2 20 ft. 3 lb. Piercing Impale, Piercing(1), Thrown
Simple Melee - Heavy
Quarterstaff - 1d4/1d4 1d6/1d6 x2 - 4 lb. Bludgeoning Two-Handed, Stagger
Spear 2 gp 1d6 1d8 x3 20 ft. 6 lb. Piercing Two-Handed, Reach, Impale, Piercing(1), Thrown
Simple Ranged
Crossbow, light 35 gp 1d6 1d8 19-20/x2 80 ft. 4 lb. Piercing Two-Handed, Loading, Piercing(2), Impale
Shortbow 30 gp 1d4 1d6 x3 60 ft. 2 lb. Piercing Two-Handed, Piercing(0), Impale
Dart 5 sp 1d3 1d4 x2 20 ft. ½ lb. Piercing Thrown, Piercing (0)
Javelin 1 gp 1d4 1d6 x2 30 ft. 2 lb. Piercing Impale, Piercing(1), Thrown
Sling - 1d3 1d4 x2 50 ft. 0 lb. Bludgeoning Stagger

Martial Weapons Cost Dmg (S) Dmg (M) Critical Range Increment Weight Type Tags
Martial Melee - Light
Hammer, light 1 gp 1d3 1d4 x2 20 ft. 2 lb. Bludgeoning Thrown, Stagger
Handaxe 6 gp 1d4 1d6 x3 10 ft. 3 lb. Slashing Thrown, Bleed
Kukri 8 gp 1d3 1d4 18-20/x2 - 2 lb. Slashing Finesse, Bleed
Pick, light 4 gp 1d3 1d4 x4 - 3 lb. Piercing Piercing(2)
Shield, light 5 gp 1d2 1d3 x2 — 6 lb. Bludgeoning Bash
Shortsword 10 gp 1d4 1d6 19-20/x2 - 2 lb. Piercing or slashing Finesse, Reliable, Bleed, Impale
Martial Melee - Medium
Battleaxe 10 gp 1d6 1d8 x3 - 6 lb. Slashing Brutal, Bleed, Sunder
Flail 8 gp 1d6 1d8 x2 - 5 lb. Bludgeoning Bash
Longsword 15 gp 1d6 1d8 19-20/x2 - 4 lb. Slashing Reliable, Bleed, Impale
Pick, heavy 8 gp 1d4 1d6 x4 - 6 lb. Piercing Piercing(3)
Rapier 20 gp 1d4 1d6 18-20/x2 - 2 lb. Piercing Finesse, Impale
Shield, heavy 10 gp 1d3 1d4 x2 — 12 lb. Bludgeoning Bash, Stagger
Scimitar 15 gp 1d4 1d6 18-20/x2 - 4 lb. Slashing Finesse, Bleed
Trident 15 gp 1d6 1d8 x2 10 ft. 4 lb. Piercing Piercing(1), Impale
Warhammer 12 gp 1d6 1d8 x3 - 5 lb. Bludgeoning Bash, Stagger
Martial Melee - Heavy
Falchion 75 gp 1d6 2d4 18-20/x2 - 8 lb. Slashing Two-Handed, Bleed
Glaive 8 gp 1d8 1d10 x3 - 10 lb. Slashing Two-Handed, Reach, Bleed, Sunder
Greataxe 20 gp 1d10 1d12 x3 - 12 lb. Slashing Two-Handed, Brutal, Bleed, Sunder
Greatclub 5 gp 1d8 1d10 x2 - 8 lb. Bludgeoning Two-Handed, Bash, Stagger
Flail, heavy 15 gp 1d8 1d10 19-20/x2 - 10 lb. Bludgeoning Two-Handed, Bash
Greatsword 50 gp 1d10 2d6 19-20/x2 - 8 lb. Slashing Two-Handed, Reliable, Bleed, Impale, Sunder
Halberd 10 gp 1d8 1d10 x3 - 12 lb. Piercing or slashing Two-Handed, Reach, Piercing(2), Bleed, Impale, Sunder
Lance 10 gp 1d8 1d10 x3 - 10 lb. Piercing Two-Handed, Reach, Mounted, Piercing(3), Sunder
Scythe 18 gp 1d6 2d4 x4 - 10 lb. Piercing or slashing Two-Handed, Bleed, Sunder, Trip
Whip 1 gp 1d2 1d3 x2 - 2 lb. Slashing Reach, Entangle, Trip
Martial Ranged
Crossbow, heavy 50 gp 1d8 1d10 19-20/x2 120 ft. 8 lb. Piercing Two-Handed, Loading, Piercing(4), Impale
Longbow 75 gp 1d6 1d8 x3 100 ft. 3 lb. Piercing Two-Handed, Impale, Piercing(2)
Net 20 gp - - - 10 ft. 6 lb. - Thrown, Entangle
1 Weight figures are for Medium weapons. A Small weapon weighs half as much, and a Large weapon weighs twice as much.        
2 When two types are given, the weapon is both types if the entry specifies “and,” or either type (player's choice at time of attack) if the entry specifies “or.”        

Tags found on Table: Weapons that have special options for the wielder ("you") are described below.
 Bleed: Weapons with this tag can cause bleeding wounds. On a critical hit, the target takes ongoing damage each round until treated. The amount depends on the weapon's size: 1d4 (light), 1d6 (one-handed), or 1d8 (two-handed). A creature can end bleeding with a successful Medicine check or magical healing. Example: axes and swords often have Bleed.
Impale: On a critical hit, or when the weapon has the Piercing trait and the target's Armor bonus is equal or lower than the Piercing value, the weapon lodges inside the target. While impaled, the victim suffers penalties to actions. Removing the weapon requires an action and causes additional damage. Light weapons, such as arrows, daggers, or bolts, impose a minor hindrance: the target suffers a -1 penalty to actions, and removing the weapon deals 1d4 damage. Medium weapons, like rapiers, spears, or javelins, are more troublesome, imposing a -2 penalty to actions, halving the target's movement, and causing 1d6 damage plus a 50% chance of bleeding when removed. Heavy weapons, including lances, pikes, or a greatsword thrust, are particularly severe: the target may be pinned or severely restricted in movement, and removing the weapon inflicts 2d6 damage plus a 1d8 bleeding effect. Example: spears and rapiers can Impale.
Piercing (X): This weapon penetrates armor effectively. If the armor component of the AC is less or equal than the piercing value X, the weapon automatically gains the Impale effect even without a critical hit. Example: heavy crossbow Piercing(3), spear Piercing(1).
Bash: The attacker knocks back the opponent. Shields knock back the opponent by 5 ft. for each 3 points of damage rolled, while bludgeoning weapons knock back by 5 ft. for each 5 points of damage rolled. You can only bash a creature up to une step higher than your size. Example: flails and warhammers have Bash.
Stagger: A staggered creature may take either move or take an action on its next turn, but not both. Example: club or light hammer criticals can Stagger.
Brutal: When rolling weapon damage, reroll any 1s and use the new result. This increases average damage but does not guarantee a higher minimum. Example: axes often have Brutal.
Reliable: You can reroll a missed attack once per round. Example: swords typically have Reliable.
Reach: This weapon allows you to attack creatures 10 feet away but not adjacent foes. Spears, polearms, and whips often have this property. Example: spear, halberd, glaive, lance, whip.
Finesse: You may use your Dexterity modifier instead of Strength on attack rolls with this weapon. Finesse weapons are typically precise and balanced. Example: rapier, scimitar, dagger.
Light: A light weapon is easier to handle and can be used in the off-hand while fighting with two weapons. Light weapons are also easier to conceal. Example: dagger, kukri, shortsword.
Heavy: Heavy weapons are difficult to use for weaker creatures. A creature can wield a heavy weapon of one size category larger than itself with a -5 penalty per size difference. Conversely, light weapons can be wielded one size higher as if they were normal, and normal weapons as if they were heavy. Example: greataxe, greatsword.
Two-Handed: These weapons require two hands to wield effectively. Some are large and powerful, while others are lighter but still need both hands. Example: greatsword, quarterstaff, shortbow.
Simple: Simple weapons are easier to learn and require little training. When improving the skill of simple weapon, you roll a d2 instead of just raining the skill by 1 whenever you succed an experience roll. Example: club, dagger, light crossbow.
Martial: Martial weapons are more specialized and require training. Example: longsword, battleaxe, halberd.
Reload: Some ranged weapons require time to reload between shots. A weapon with this tag can only fire one piece of ammunition per round, regardless of the number of attacks available. Example: crossbows.
Mounted: Weapons with this property are designed for mounted combat. When used while charging on a mount, they may deal double damage. They are often awkward to use on foot. Example: lance.

Trip: Weapons with this tag can be used to unbalance an opponent rather than strike them directly. When you hit with a trip weapon, you may choose to forgo damage and instead attempt to knock your foe prone. To do so, roll a d20 and add your weapon skill against the target's Reflex Defence. If you succeed, the target falls to the ground. If you fail, the attack causes no harm, and if your attempt is badly outmatched (by 5 or more), the target may seize the moment to turn the tables and trip you in return. Should that happen, you may drop the weapon to steady yourself and avoid being knocked down.

Weapons found on Table: Weapons that have special options for the wielder (“you”) are described below. Splash weapons are described under Special Substances and Items.
 Arrows: An arrow used as a melee weapon is treated as a light improvised weapon (–4 penalty on attack rolls) and deals damage as a dagger of its size (critical multiplier x2). Arrows come in a leather quiver that holds 20 arrows. An arrow that hits its target is destroyed; one that misses has a 50% chance of being destroyed or lost.
Bolts: A crossbow bolt used as a melee weapon is treated as a light improvised weapon (–4 penalty on attack rolls) and deals damage as a dagger of its size (crit x2). Bolts come in a wooden case that holds 10 bolts (or 5, for a repeating crossbow). A bolt that hits its target is destroyed; one that misses has a 50% chance of being destroyed or lost.
Bullets, Sling: Bullets come in a leather pouch that holds 10 bullets. A bullet that hits its target is destroyed; one that misses has a 50% chance of being destroyed or lost.
Crossbow, Heavy: You draw a heavy crossbow back by turning a small winch. Loading a heavy crossbow is a full-round action that provokes attacks of opportunity.
Normally, operating a heavy crossbow requires two hands. However, you can shoot, but not load, a heavy crossbow with one hand at a –4 penalty on attack rolls. You can shoot a heavy crossbow with each hand, but you take a penalty on attack rolls as if attacking with two one-handed weapons. This penalty is cumulative with the penalty for one-handed firing.
Crossbow, Light: You draw a light crossbow back by pulling a lever. Loading a light crossbow is a move action that provokes attacks of opportunity.
Normally, operating a light crossbow requires two hands. However, you can shoot, but not load, a light crossbow with one hand at a –2 penalty on attack rolls. You can shoot a light crossbow with each hand, but you take a penalty on attack rolls as if attacking with two light weapons. This penalty is cumulative with the penalty for one-handed firing.
Dagger: You get a +2 bonus on Sleight of Hand checks made to conceal a dagger on your body (see the Sleight of Hand skill).
Flail or Heavy Flail: With a flail, you get a +2 bonus on opposed attack rolls made to disarm an enemy (including the roll to avoid being disarmed if such an attempt fails).
You can also use this weapon to make trip attacks. If you are tripped during your own trip attempt, you can drop the flail to avoid being tripped.
Gauntlet: This metal glove lets you deal lethal damage rather than nonlethal damage with unarmed strikes. A strike with a gauntlet is otherwise considered an unarmed attack. The cost and weight given are for a single gauntlet. Medium and heavy armors (except breastplate) come with gauntlets.
Glaive: A glaive has reach. You can strike opponents 10 feet away with it, but you can't use it against an adjacent foe.
Halberd: If you use a ready action to set a halberd against a charge, you deal double damage on a successful hit against a charging character.
You can use a halberd to make trip attacks. If you are tripped during your own trip attempt, you can drop the halberd to avoid being tripped.
Javelin: Since it is not designed for melee, you are treated as nonproficient with it and take a –4 penalty on attack rolls if you use a javelin as a melee weapon.
Lance: A lance deals double damage when used from the back of a charging mount. It has reach, so you can strike opponents 10 feet away with it, but you can't use it against an adjacent foe.
While mounted, you can wield a lance with one hand.
Longbow: You need at least two hands to use a bow, regardless of its size. A longbow is too unwieldy to use while you are mounted. If you have a penalty for low Strength, apply it to damage rolls when you use a longbow. If you have a bonus for high Strength, you can apply it to damage rolls when you use a composite longbow (see below) but not a regular longbow.
Longbow, Composite: You need at least two hands to use a bow, regardless of its size. You can use a composite longbow while mounted. All composite bows are made with a particular strength rating (that is, each requires a minimum Strength modifier to use with proficiency). If your Strength bonus is less than the strength rating of the composite bow, you can't effectively use it, so you take a –2 penalty on attacks with it. The default composite longbow requires a Strength modifier of +0 or higher to use with proficiency. A composite longbow can be made with a high strength rating to take advantage of an above-average Strength score; this feature allows you to add your Strength bonus to damage, up to the maximum bonus indicated for the bow. Each point of Strength bonus granted by the bow adds 100 gp to its cost.
For purposes of weapon proficiency and similar feats, a composite longbow is treated as if it were a longbow.
Longspear: A longspear has reach. You can strike opponents 10 feet away with it, but you can't use it against an adjacent foe. If you use a ready action to set a longspear against a charge, you deal double damage on a successful hit against a charging character.
Net: A net is used to entangle enemies. When you throw a net, you make a ranged touch attack against your target. A net's maximum range is 10 feet. If you hit, the target is entangled. An entangled creature takes a –2 penalty on attack rolls and a –4 penalty on Dexterity, can move at only half speed, and cannot charge or run. If you control the trailing rope by succeeding on an opposed Strength check while holding it, the entangled creature can move only within the limits that the rope allows. If the entangled creature attempts to cast a spell, it must make a DC 15 Concentration check or be unable to cast the spell.
An entangled creature can escape with a DC 20 Escape Artist check (a full-round action). The net has 5 hit points and can be burst with a DC 25 Strength check (also a full-round action).
A net is useful only against creatures within one size category of you.
A net must be folded to be thrown effectively. The first time you throw your net in a fight, you make a normal ranged touch attack roll. After the net is unfolded, you take a –4 penalty on attack rolls with it. It takes 2 rounds for a proficient user to fold a net and twice that long for a nonproficient one to do so.
Quarterstaff: A quarterstaff is a double weapon. You can fight with it as if fighting with two weapons, but if you do, you incur all the normal attack penalties associated with fighting with two weapons, just as if you were using a one-handed weapon and a light weapon. A creature wielding a quarterstaff in one hand can't use it as a double weapon—only one end of the weapon can be used in any given round.
The quarterstaff is a special monk weapon. This designation gives a monk wielding a quarterstaff special options.
Rapier: You can use the Weapon Finesse feat to apply your Dexterity modifier instead of your Strength modifier to attack rolls with a rapier sized for you, even though it isn't a light weapon for you. You can't wield a rapier in two hands in order to apply 1-1/2 times your Strength bonus to damage.
Scythe: A scythe can be used to make trip attacks. If you are tripped during your own trip attempt, you can drop the scythe to avoid being tripped.
Shield, Heavy or Light: You can bash with a shield instead of using it for defense. See Armor for details.
Shortbow: You need at least two hands to use a bow, regardless of its size. You can use a shortbow while mounted. If you have a penalty for low Strength, apply it to damage rolls when you use a shortbow. If you have a bonus for high Strength, you can apply it to damage rolls when you use a composite shortbow (see below) but not a regular shortbow.
Shortbow, Composite: You need at least two hands to use a bow, regardless of its size. You can use a composite shortbow while mounted. All composite bows are made with a particular strength rating (that is, each requires a minimum Strength modifier to use with proficiency). If your Strength bonus is lower than the strength rating of the composite bow, you can't effectively use it, so you take a –2 penalty on attacks with it. The default composite shortbow requires a Strength modifier of +0 or higher to use with proficiency. A composite shortbow can be made with a high strength rating to take advantage of an above-average Strength score; this feature allows you to add your Strength bonus to damage, up to the maximum bonus indicated for the bow. Each point of Strength bonus granted by the bow adds 75 gp to its cost.
For purposes of weapon proficiency and similar feats, a composite shortbow is treated as if it were a shortbow.
Shortspear: A shortspear is small enough to wield one-handed. It may also be thrown.
Sickle: A sickle can be used to make trip attacks. If you are tripped during your own trip attempt, you can drop the sickle to avoid being tripped.
Sling: Your Strength modifier applies to damage rolls when you use a sling, just as it does for thrown weapons. You can fire, but not load, a sling with one hand. Loading a sling is a move action that requires two hands and provokes attacks of opportunity.
You can hurl ordinary stones with a sling, but stones are not as dense or as round as bullets. Thus, such an attack deals damage as if the weapon were designed for a creature one size category smaller than you and you take a –1 penalty on attack rolls.
Spear: A spear can be thrown. If you use a ready action to set a spear against a charge, you deal double damage on a successful hit against a charging character.
Spiked Armor: You can outfit your armor with spikes, which can deal damage in a grapple or as a separate attack. See Armor for details.
Strike, Unarmed: A Medium character deals 1d3 points of nonlethal damage with an unarmed strike. A Small character deals 1d2 points of nonlethal damage. A monk or any character with the Improved Unarmed Strike feat can deal lethal or nonlethal damage with unarmed strikes, at her option. The damage from an unarmed strike is considered weapon damage for the purposes of effects that give you a bonus on weapon damage rolls.
An unarmed strike is always considered a light weapon. Therefore, you can use the Weapon Finesse feat to apply your Dexterity modifier instead of your Strength modifier to attack rolls with an unarmed strike.
Trident: This weapon can be thrown. If you use a ready action to set a trident against a charge, you deal double damage on a successful hit against a charging character.
Whip: A whip deals nonlethal damage. It deals no damage to any creature with an armor bonus of +1 or higher or a natural armor bonus of +3 or higher. The whip is treated as a melee weapon with 15-foot reach, though you don't threaten the area into which you can make an attack. In addition, unlike most other weapons with reach, you can use it against foes anywhere within your reach (including adjacent foes).
Using a whip provokes an attack of opportunity, just as if you had used a ranged weapon.
You can make trip attacks with a whip. If you are tripped during your own trip attempt, you can drop the whip to avoid being tripped.
When using a whip, you get a +2 bonus on opposed attack rolls made to disarm an opponent (including the roll to keep from being disarmed if the attack fails).
You can use the Weapon Finesse feat to apply your Dexterity modifier instead of your Strength modifier to attack rolls with a whip sized for you, even though it isn't a light weapon for you.

MASTERWORK WEAPONS
A masterwork weapon is a finely crafted version of a normal weapon. Wielding it provides a +1 enhancement bonus on attack rolls.
You can't add the masterwork quality to a weapon after it is created; it must be crafted as a masterwork weapon (see the Craft skill). The masterwork quality adds 300 gp to the cost of a normal weapon (or 6 gp to the cost of a single unit of ammunition). Adding the masterwork quality to a double weapon costs twice the normal increase (+600 gp).
Masterwork ammunition is damaged (effectively destroyed) when used. The enhancement bonus of masterwork ammunition does not stack with any enhancement bonus of the projectile weapon firing it.
All magic weapons are automatically considered to be of masterwork quality. The enhancement bonus granted by the masterwork quality doesn't stack with the enhancement bonus provided by the weapon's magic.
Even though some types of armor and shields can be used as weapons, you can't create a masterwork version of such an item that confers an enhancement bonus on attack rolls. Instead, masterwork armor and shields have lessened armor check penalties.

ARMOR
ARMOR QUALITIES
To wear heavier armor effectively, a character can select the Armor Proficiency feats, but most classes are automatically proficient with the armors that work best for them.
Armor and shields can take damage from some types of attacks.
Here is the format for armor entries (given as column headings on Table: Armor and Shields, below).
Cost: The cost of the armor for Small or Medium humanoid creatures. See Armor for Unusual Creatures, below, for armor prices for other creatures.

Armor/Shield Bonus: Each armor grants an armor bonus to AC, while shields grant a shield bonus to AC. The armor bonus from a suit of armor doesn't stack with other effects or items that grant an armor bonus. Similarly, the shield bonus from a shield doesn't stack with other effects that grant a shield bonus.
Maximum Dex Bonus: This number is the maximum Dexterity bonus to AC that this type of armor allows. Heavier armors limit mobility, reducing the wearer's ability to dodge blows. This restriction doesn't affect any other Dexterity-related abilities.
Even if a character's Dexterity bonus to AC drops to 0 because of armor, this situation does not count as losing a Dexterity bonus to AC.
Your character's encumbrance (the amount of gear he or she carries) may also restrict the maximum Dexterity bonus that can be applied to his or her Armor Class.
Shields: Shields do not affect a character's maximum Dexterity bonus.
Armor Check Penalty: Any armor heavier than leather hurts a character's ability to use some skills. An armor check penalty number is the penalty that applies to Acrobatics, Athletics, Bondage Mastery, Stealth and Sleigth of Hand checks. Double the normal armor check penalty is applied to Athletics checks for swimming. A character's encumbrance (the amount of gear carried, including armor) may also apply an armor check penalty as determined by the GM.
Shields: If a character is wearing armor and using a shield, both armor check penalties apply.
Nonproficient with Armor Worn: A character who wears armor and/or uses a shield with which he or she is not proficient takes the armor's (and/or shield's) armor check penalty on attack rolls and on all Strength-based and Dexterity-based ability and skill checks. The penalty for nonproficiency with armor stacks with the penalty for nonproficiency with shields.
Sleeping in Armor: A character who sleeps in medium or heavy armor is automatically fatigued the next day. He or she takes a –2 penalty on Strength and Dexterity and can't charge or run. Sleeping in light armor does not cause fatigue.
Speed: Medium or heavy armor slows the wearer down. The number on Table: Armor and Shields is the character's speed while wearing the armor. Humans, elves, half-elves, and half-orcs have an unencumbered speed of 30 feet.
They use the first column. Dwarves, gnomes, and halflings have an unencumbered speed of 20 feet. They use the second column. Remember, however, that a dwarf 's land speed remains 20 feet even in medium or heavy armor or when carrying a medium or heavy load.
Shields: Shields do not affect a character's speed.
Weight: This column gives the weight of the armor sized for a Medium wearer. Armor fitted for Small characters weighs half as much, and armor for Large characters weighs twice as much.

Table: Armor and Shields        

          –— Speed —–  
Armor Cost Armor/Shield Bonus Maximum Dex Bonus Armor Check Penalty (30 ft.) (20 ft.) Weight1
Light armor              
Padded 5 gp +1 +8 0 30 ft. 20 ft. 10 lb.
Leather 10 gp +2 +6 0 30 ft. 20 ft. 15 lb.
Studded leather 25 gp +3 +5 –1 30 ft. 20 ft. 20 lb.
Chain shirt 100 gp +4 +4 –2 30 ft. 20 ft. 25 lb.
Medium armor              
Hide 15 gp +3 +4 –3 20 ft. 15 ft. 25 lb.
Scale mail 50 gp +4 +3 –4 20 ft. 15 ft. 30 lb.
Chainmail 150 gp +5 +2 –5 20 ft. 15 ft. 40 lb.
Breastplate 200 gp +5 +3 –4 20 ft. 15 ft. 30 lb.
Heavy armor              
Splint mail 200 gp +6 +0 –7 20 ft. 15 ft. 45 lb.
Banded mail 250 gp +6 +1 –6 20 ft. 15 ft. 35 lb.
Half-plate 600 gp +7 +0 –7 20 ft. 15 ft. 50 lb.
Full plate 1,500 gp +8 +1 –6 20 ft. 15 ft. 50 lb.
Shields              
Buckler 15 gp +1 — –1 — — 5 lb.
Shield, light wooden 3 gp +1 — –1 — — 5 lb.
Shield, light steel 9 gp +1 — –1 — — 6 lb.
Shield, heavy wooden 7 gp +2 — –2 — — 10 lb.
Shield, heavy steel 20 gp +2 — –2 — — 15 lb.
Shield, tower 30 gp +42 +2 –10 — — 45 lb.
1 Weight figures are for armor sized to fit Medium characters. Armor fitted for Small characters weighs half as much, and armor fitted for Large characters weighs twice as much.        
2 A tower shield can instead grant you cover. See the description.        

ARMOR DESCRIPTIONS
Any special benefits or accessories to the types of armor found on Table: Armor and Shields are described below.
Banded Mail: The suit includes gauntlets.
Breastplate: It comes with a helmet and greaves.
Buckler: This small metal shield is worn strapped to your forearm. You can use a bow or crossbow without penalty while carrying it. You can also use your shield arm to wield a weapon (whether you are using an off-hand weapon or using your off hand to help wield a two-handed weapon), but you take a –1 penalty on attack rolls while doing so. This penalty stacks with those that may apply for fighting with your off hand and for fighting with two weapons. In any case, if you use a weapon in your off hand, you don't get the buckler's AC bonus for the rest of the round.
You can't bash someone with a buckler.
Chain Shirt: A chain shirt comes with a steel cap.
Chainmail: The suit includes gauntlets.
Full Plate: The suit includes gauntlets, heavy leather boots, a visored helmet, and a thick layer of padding that is worn underneath the armor. Each suit of full plate must be individually fitted to its owner by a master armorsmith, although a captured suit can be resized to fit a new owner at a cost of 200 to 800 (2d4x100) gold pieces.
Half-Plate: The suit includes gauntlets.
Scale Mail: The suit includes gauntlets.
Shield, Heavy, Wooden or Steel: You strap a shield to your forearm and grip it with your hand. A heavy shield is so heavy that you can't use your shield hand for anything else.
Wooden or Steel: Wooden and steel shields offer the same basic protection, though they respond differently to special attacks.
Shield, Light, Wooden or Steel: You strap a shield to your forearm and grip it with your hand. A light shield's weight lets you carry other items in that hand, although you cannot use weapons with it.
Wooden or Steel: Wooden and steel shields offer the same basic protection, though they respond differently to special attacks.
Shield, Tower: This massive wooden shield is nearly as tall as you are. In most situations, it provides the indicated shield bonus to your AC. However, you can instead use it as total cover, though you must give up your attacks to do so. The shield does not, however, provide cover against targeted spells; a spellcaster can cast a spell on you by targeting the shield you are holding. You cannot bash with a tower shield, nor can you use your shield hand for anything else.
When employing a tower shield in combat, you take a –2 penalty on attack rolls because of the shield's encumbrance.
Splint Mail: The suit includes gauntlets.

MASTERWORK ARMOR
Just as with weapons, you can purchase or craft masterwork versions of armor or shields. Such a well-made item functions like the normal version, except that its armor check penalty is lessened by 1.
A masterwork suit of armor or shield costs an extra 150 gp over and above the normal cost for that type of armor or shield.
The masterwork quality of a suit of armor or shield never provides a bonus on attack or damage rolls, even if the armor or shield is used as a weapon.
All magic armors and shields are automatically considered to be of masterwork quality.
You can't add the masterwork quality to armor or a shield after it is created; it must be crafted as a masterwork item.

ARMOR FOR UNUSUAL CREATURES
Armor and shields for unusually big creatures, unusually little creatures, and nonhumanoid creatures have different costs and weights from those given on Table: Armor and Shields. Refer to the appropriate line on the table below and apply the multipliers to cost and weight for the armor type in question.
Humanoid Nonhumanoid
Size Cost Weight Cost Weight
Tiny or smaller 1 x1/2 x1/10 x1 x1/10
Small x1 x1/2 x2 x1/2
Medium x1 x1 x2 x1
Large x2 x2 x4 x2
Huge x4 x5 x8 x5
Gargantuan x8 x8 x16 x8
Colossal x16 x12 x32 x12
1 Divide armor bonus by 2.        

GETTING INTO AND OUT OF ARMOR
The time required to don armor depends on its type; see Table: Donning Armor.
Don: This column tells how long it takes a character to put the armor on. (One minute is 10 rounds.)
Don Hastily: This column tells how long it takes to put the armor on in a hurry. The armor check penalty and armor bonus for hastily donned armor are each 1 point worse than normal.
Remove: This column tells how long it takes to get the armor off.
Table: Donning Armor        
Armor Type Don Don Hastily Remove
Padded, leather, hide, studded leather, or chain shirt 1 minute 5 rounds 1 minute 1
Breastplate, scale mail, chainmail, banded mail, or splint mail 4 minutes 1 1 minute 1 minute 1
Half-plate or full plate 4 minutes 2 4 minutes 1 1d4+1 minutes 1
1 If the character has some help, cut this time in half. A single character doing nothing else can help one or two adjacent characters. Two characters can't help each other don armor at the same time.        
2 The wearer must have help to don this armor. Without help, it can be donned only hastily.        

GOODS AND SERVICES
Table: Goods and Services    
Adventuring Gear    
Item Cost Weight
Backpack (empty) 2 gp 2 lb. 1
Barrel (empty) 2 gp 30 lb.
Basket (empty) 4 sp 1 lb.
Bedroll 1 sp 5 lb. 1
Bell 1 gp —
Blanket, winter 5 sp 3 lb. 1
Block and tackle 5 gp 5 lb.
Bottle, wine, glass 2 gp —
Bucket (empty) 5 sp 2 lb.
Caltrops 1 gp 2 lb.
Candle 1 cp —
Canvas (sq. yd.) 1 sp 1 lb.
Case, map or scroll 1 gp 1/2 lb.
Chain (10 ft.) 30 gp 2 lb.
Chalk, 1 piece 1 cp —
Chest (empty) 2 gp 25 lb.
Crowbar 2 gp 5 lb.
Firewood (per day) 1 cp 20 lb.
Fishhook 1 sp —
Fishing net, 25 sq. ft. 4 gp 5 lb.
Flask (empty) 3 cp 1-1/2 lb.
Flint and steel 1 gp —
Grappling hook 1 gp 4 lb.
Hammer 5 sp 2 lb.
Ink (1 oz. vial) 8 gp —
Inkpen 1 sp —
Jug, clay 3 cp 9 lb.
Ladder, 10-foot 5 cp 20 lb.
Lamp, common 1 sp 1 lb.
Lantern, bullseye 12 gp 3 lb.
Lantern, hooded 7 gp 2 lb.
Lock 1 lb.
Very simple 20 gp 1 lb.
Average 40 gp 1 lb.
Good 80 gp 1 lb.
Amazing 150 gp 1 lb.
Manacles 15 gp 2 lb.
Manacles, masterwork 50 gp 2 lb.
Mirror, small steel 10 gp 1/2 lb.
Mug/Tankard, clay 2 cp 1 lb.
Oil (1-pint flask) 1 sp 1 lb.
Paper (sheet) 4 sp —
Parchment (sheet) 2 sp —
Pick, miner's 3 gp 10 lb.
Pitcher, clay 2 cp 5 lb.
Piton 1 sp 1/2 lb.
Pole, 10-foot 2 sp 8 lb.
Pot, iron 5 sp 10 lb.
Pouch, belt (empty) 1 gp 1/2 lb. 1
Ram, portable 10 gp 20 lb.
Rations, trail (per day) 5 sp 1 lb. 1
Rope, hempen (50 ft.) 1 gp 10 lb.
Rope, silk (50 ft.) 10 gp 5 lb.
Sack (empty) 1 sp 1/2 lb. 1
Sealing wax 1 gp 1 lb.
Sewing needle 5 sp —
Signal whistle 8 sp —
Signet ring 5 gp —
Sledge 1 gp 10 lb.
Soap (per lb.) 5 sp 1 lb.
Spade or shovel 2 gp 8 lb.
Spyglass 1,000 gp 1 lb.
Tent 10 gp 20 lb. 1
Torch 1 cp 1 lb.
Vial, ink or potion 1 gp 1/10 lb.
Waterskin 1 gp 4 lb. 1
Whetstone 2 cp 1 lb.
Special Substances and Items    
Item Cost Weight
Acid (flask) 10 gp 1 lb.
Alchemist's fire (flask) 20 gp 1 lb.
Antitoxin (vial) 50 gp —
Everburning torch 110 gp 1 lb.
Holy water (flask) 25 gp 1 lb.
Smokestick 20 gp 1/2 lb.
Sunrod 2 gp 1 lb.
Tanglefoot bag 50 gp 4 lb.
Thunderstone 30 gp 1 lb.
Tindertwig 1 gp —
Tools and Skill Kits    
Item Cost Weight
Alchemist's lab 500 gp 40 lb.
Artisan's tools 5 gp 5 lb.
Artisan's tools, masterwork 55 gp 5 lb.
Climber's kit 80 gp 5 lb. 1
Disguise kit 50 gp 8 lb. 1
Healer's kit 50 gp 1 lb.
Holly and mistletoe — —
Holy symbol, wooden 1 gp —
Holy symbol, silver 25 gp 1 lb.
Hourglass 25 gp 1 lb.
Magnifying glass 100 gp —
Musical instrument, common 5 gp 3 lb. 1
Musical instrument, masterwork 100 gp 3 lb. 1
Scale, merchant's 2 gp 1 lb.
Spell component pouch 5 gp 2 lb.
Spellbook, wizard's (blank) 15 gp 3 lb.
Thieves' tools 30 gp 1 lb.
Thieves' tools, masterwork 100 gp 2 lb.
Tool, masterwork 50 gp 1 lb.
Water clock 1,000 gp 200 lb.
Clothing    
Item Cost Weight
Artisan's outfit 1 gp 4 lb. 1
Cleric's vestments 5 gp 6 lb. 1
Cold weather outfit 8 gp 7 lb. 1
Courtier's outfit 30 gp 6 lb. 1
Entertainer's outfit 3 gp 4 lb. 1
Explorer's outfit 10 gp 8 lb. 1
Monk's outfit 5 gp 2 lb. 1
Noble's outfit 75 gp 10 lb. 1
Peasant's outfit 1 sp 2 lb. 1
Royal outfit 200 gp 15 lb. 1
Scholar's outfit 5 gp 6 lb. 1
Traveler's outfit 1 gp 5 lb. 1
Food, Drink, and Lodging    
Item Cost Weight
Ale    
Gallon 2 sp 8 lb.
Mug 4 cp 1 lb.
Banquet (per person) 10 gp —
Bread, per loaf 2 cp 1/2 lb.
Cheese, hunk of 1 sp 1/2 lb.
Inn stay (per day)    
Good 2 gp —
Common 5 sp —
Poor 2 sp —
Meals (per day)    
Good 5 sp —
Common 3 sp —
Poor 1 sp —
Meat, chunk of 3 sp 1/2 lb.
Wine    
Common (pitcher) 2 sp 6 lb.
Fine (bottle) 10 gp 1-1/2 lb.
Mounts and Related Gear    
Item Cost Weight
Barding    
Medium creature x2 x1
Large creature x4 x2
Bit and bridle 2 gp 1 lb.
Dog, guard 25 gp —
Dog, riding 150 gp —
Donkey or mule 8 gp —
Feed (per day) 5 cp 10 lb.
Horse    
Horse, heavy 200 gp —
Horse, light 75 gp —
Pony 30 gp —
Warhorse, heavy 400 gp —
Warhorse, light 150 gp —
Warpony 100 gp —
Saddle    
Military 20 gp 30 lb.
Pack 5 gp 15 lb.
Riding 10 gp 25 lb.
Saddle, Exotic    
Military 60 gp 40 lb.
Pack 15 gp 20 lb.
Riding 30 gp 30 lb.
Saddlebags 4 gp 8 lb.
Stabling (per day) 5 sp —
Transport    
Item Cost Weight
Carriage 100 gp 600 lb.
Cart 15 gp 200 lb.
Galley 30,000 gp —
Keelboat 3,000 gp —
Longship 10,000 gp —
Rowboat 50 gp 100 lb.
Oar 2 gp 10 lb.
Sailing ship 10,000 gp —
Sled 20 gp 300 lb.
Wagon 35 gp 400 lb.
Warship 25,000 gp —
Spellcasting and Services    
Service Cost
Coach cab 3 cp per mile
Hireling, trained 3 sp per day
Hireling, untrained 1 sp per day
Messenger 2 cp per mile
Road or gate toll 1 cp
Ship's passage 1 sp per mile
Spell, Tier 0 5 gp 2
Spell, Tier 1 10 gp 2
Spell, Tier 2 50 gp 2
Spell, Tier 3 150 gp 2
Spell, Tier 4 300 gp 2
Spell, Tier 5 450 gp 2
Spell, Tier 6 650 gp 2
Spell, Tier 7 900 gp 2
Spell, Tier 8 1200 gp 2
Spell, Tier 9 1500 gp 2
— No weight, or no weight worth noting.        
1 These items weigh one-quarter this amount when made for Small characters. Containers for Small characters also carry one-quarter the normal amount.        
2 See spell description for additional costs. If the additional costs put the spell's total cost above 3,000 gp, that spell is not generally available.        

ADVENTURING GEAR
few of the pieces of adventuring gear found on Table: Goods and Services are described below, along with any special benefits they confer on the user (“you”).
Caltrops: A caltrop is a four-pronged iron spike crafted so that one prong faces up no matter how the caltrop comes to rest. You scatter caltrops on the ground in the hope that your enemies step on them or are at least forced to slow down to avoid them. One 2- pound bag of caltrops covers an area 5 feet square.
Each time a creature moves into an area covered by caltrops (or spends a round fighting while standing in such an area), it might step on one. The caltrops make an attack roll (using caltrops skill if possessed, counts as weapon) against the creature. For this attack, the creature's shield, armor, and deflection bonuses do not count. If the creature is wearing shoes or other footwear, it gets a +2 armor bonus to AC. If the caltrops succeed on the attack, the creature has stepped on one. The caltrop deals 1 point of damage, and the creature's speed is reduced by one-half because its foot is wounded. This movement penalty lasts for 24 hours, or until the creature is successfully treated with a DC 15 Heal check, or until it receives at least 1 point of magical curing. A charging or running creature must immediately stop if it steps on a caltrop. Any creature moving at half speed or slower can pick its way through a bed of caltrops with no trouble.
Caltrops may not be effective against unusual opponents.
Candle: A candle dimly illuminates a 5-foot radius and burns for 1 hour.
Chain: Chain has hardness 10 and 5 hit points. It can be burst with a DC 26 Strength check.
Crowbar: A crowbar it grants a +2 circumstance bonus on Strength checks made for such purposes. If used in combat, treat a crowbar as a one-handed improvised weapon that deals bludgeoning damage equal to that of a club of its size.
Flint and Steel: Lighting a torch with flint and steel is a full-round action, and lighting any other fire with them takes at least that long.
Grappling Hook: Throwing a grappling hook successfully requires a Use Rope check (DC 10, +2 per 10 feet of distance thrown).
Hammer: If a hammer is used in combat, treat it as a one-handed improvised weapon that deals bludgeoning damage equal to that of a spiked gauntlet of its size.
Ink: This is black ink. You can buy ink in other colors, but it costs twice as much.
Jug, Clay: This basic ceramic jug is fitted with a stopper and holds 1 gallon of liquid.
Lamp, Common: A lamp clearly illuminates a 15-foot radius, provides shadowy illumination out to a 30-foot radius, and burns for 6 hours on a pint of oil. You can carry a lamp in one hand.
Lantern, Bullseye: A bullseye lantern provides clear illumination in a 60-foot cone and shadowy illumination in a 120-foot cone. It burns for 6 hours on a pint of oil. You can carry a bullseye lantern in one hand.
Lantern, Hooded: A hooded lantern clearly illuminates a 30-foot radius and provides shadowy illumination in a 60-foot radius. It burns for 6 hours on a pint of oil. You can carry a hooded lantern in one hand.
Lock: The DC to open a lock with the Open Lock skill depends on the lock's quality: simple (DC 20), average (DC 25), good (DC 30), or superior (DC 40).
Manacles and Manacles, Masterwork: Manacles can bind a Medium creature. A manacled creature can use the Escape Artist skill to slip free (DC 30, or DC 35 for masterwork manacles). Breaking the manacles requires a Strength check (DC 26, or DC 28 for masterwork manacles). Manacles have hardness 10 and 10 hit points.
Most manacles have locks; add the cost of the lock you want to the cost of the manacles.
For the same cost, you can buy manacles for a Small creature.
For a Large creature, manacles cost ten times the indicated amount, and for a Huge creature, one hundred times this amount. Gargantuan, Colossal, Tiny, Diminutive, and Fine creatures can be held only by specially made manacles.
Oil: A pint of oil burns for 6 hours in a lantern. You can use a flask of oil as a splash weapon. Use the rules for alchemist's fire, except that it takes a full round action to prepare a flask with a fuse. Once it is thrown, there is a 50% chance of the flask igniting successfully.
You can pour a pint of oil on the ground to cover an area 5 feet square, provided that the surface is smooth. If lit, the oil burns for 2 rounds and deals 1d3 points of fire damage to each creature in the area.
Ram, Portable: This iron-shod wooden beam gives you a +2 circumstance bonus on Strength checks made to break open a door and it allows a second person to help you without having to roll, increasing your bonus by 2.
Rope, Hempen: This rope has 2 hit points and can be burst with a DC 23 Strength check.
Rope, Silk: This rope has 4 hit points and can be burst with a DC 24 Strength check. It is so supple that it provides a +2 circumstance bonus on Use Rope checks.
Spyglass: Objects viewed through a spyglass are magnified to twice their size.
Torch: A torch burns for 1 hour, clearly illuminating a 20-foot radius and providing shadowy illumination out to a 40- foot radius. If a torch is used in combat, treat it as a one-handed improvised weapon that deals bludgeoning damage equal to that of a gauntlet of its size, plus 1 point of fire damage.
Vial: A vial holds 1 ounce of liquid. The stoppered container usually is no more than 1 inch wide and 3 inches high.

SPECIAL SUBSTANCES AND ITEMS
Any of these substances except for the everburning torch and holy water can be made by a character with the Craft (alchemy) skill.
Acid: You can throw a flask of acid as a splash weapon. Treat this attack as a ranged touch attack with a range increment of 10 feet. A direct hit deals 1d6 points of acid damage. Every creature within 5 feet of the point where the acid hits takes 1 point of acid damage from the splash.
Alchemist's Fire: You can throw a flask of alchemist's fire as a splash weapon. Treat this attack as a ranged touch attack with a range increment of 10 feet.
A direct hit deals 1d6 points of fire damage. Every creature within 5 feet of the point where the flask hits takes 1 point of fire damage from the splash. On the round following a direct hit, the target takes an additional 1d6 points of damage. If desired, the target can use a full-round action to attempt to extinguish the flames before taking this additional damage. Extinguishing the flames requires a DC 15 Reflex save. Rolling on the ground provides the target a +2 bonus on the save. Leaping into a lake or magically extinguishing the flames automatically smothers the fire.
Antitoxin: If you drink antitoxin, you get a +5 alchemical bonus on Fortitude saving throws against poison for 1 hour.
Everburning Torch: This otherwise normal torch has a continual flame spell cast upon it. An everburning torch clearly illuminates a 20-foot radius and provides shadowy illumination out to a 40-foot radius.
Holy Water: Holy water damages undead creatures and evil outsiders almost as if it were acid. A flask of holy water can be thrown as a splash weapon.
Treat this attack as a ranged touch attack with a range increment of 10 feet. A flask breaks if thrown against the body of a corporeal creature, but to use it against an incorporeal creature, you must open the flask and pour the holy water out onto the target. Thus, you can douse an incorporeal creature with holy water only if you are adjacent to it. Doing so is a ranged touch attack that does not provoke attacks of opportunity.
A direct hit by a flask of holy water deals 2d4 points of damage to an undead creature or an evil outsider. Each such creature within 5 feet of the point where the flask hits takes 1 point of damage from the splash.
Temples to good deities sell holy water at cost (making no profit).
Smokestick: This alchemically treated wooden stick instantly creates thick, opaque smoke when ignited. The smoke fills a 10- foot cube (treat the effect as a fog cloud spell, except that a moderate or stronger wind dissipates the smoke in 1 round). The stick is consumed after 1 round, and the smoke dissipates naturally.
Sunrod: This 1-foot-long, gold-tipped, iron rod glows brightly when struck. It clearly illuminates a 30-foot radius and provides shadowy illumination in a 60-foot radius. It glows for 6 hours, after which the gold tip is burned out and worthless.
Tanglefoot Bag: When you throw a tanglefoot bag at a creature (as a ranged touch attack with a range increment of 10 feet), the bag comes apart and the goo bursts out, entangling the target and then becoming tough and resilient upon exposure to air. An entangled creature takes a –2 penalty on attack rolls and a –4 penalty to Dexterity and must make a DC 15 Reflex save or be glued to the floor, unable to move. Even on a successful save, it can move only at half speed. Huge or larger creatures are unaffected by a tanglefoot bag. A flying creature is not stuck to the floor, but it must make a DC 15 Reflex save or be unable to fly (assuming it uses its wings to fly) and fall to the ground. A tanglefoot bag does not function underwater.
A creature that is glued to the floor (or unable to fly) can break free by making a DC 17 Strength check or by dealing 15 points of damage to the goo with a slashing weapon. A creature trying to scrape goo off itself, or another creature assisting, does not need to make an attack roll; hitting the goo is automatic, after which the creature that hit makes a damage roll to see how much of the goo was scraped off. Once free, the creature can move (including flying) at half speed. A character capable of spellcasting who is bound by the goo must make a DC 15 Concentration check to cast a spell. The goo becomes brittle and fragile after 2d4 rounds, cracking apart and losing its effectiveness. An application of universal solvent to a stuck creature dissolves the alchemical goo immediately.
Thunderstone: You can throw this stone as a ranged attack with a range increment of 20 feet. When it strikes a hard surface (or is struck hard), it creates a deafening bang that is treated as a sonic attack. Each creature within a 10-foot-radius spread must make a DC 15 Fortitude save or be deafened for 1 hour. A deafened creature, in addition to the obvious effects, takes a –4 penalty on initiative and has a 20% chance to miscast and lose any spell with a verbal component that it tries to cast.
Since you don't need to hit a specific target, you can simply aim at a particular 5-foot square. Treat the target square as AC 5.
Tindertwig: The alchemical substance on the end of this small, wooden stick ignites when struck against a rough surface. Creating a flame with a tindertwig is much faster than creating a flame with flint and steel (or a magnifying glass) and tinder. Lighting a torch with a tindertwig is a standard action (rather than a full-round action), and lighting any other fire with one is at least a standard action.

TOOLS AND SKILL KITS
Alchemist's Lab: An alchemist's lab always has the perfect tool for making alchemical items, so it provides a +2 circumstance bonus on Craft (alchemy) checks. It has no bearing on the costs related to the Craft (alchemy) skill. Without this lab, a character with the Craft (alchemy) skill is assumed to have enough tools to use the skill but not enough to get the +2 bonus that the lab provides.
Artisan's Tools: These special tools include the items needed to pursue any craft. Without them, you have to use improvised tools (–2 penalty on Craft checks), if you can do the job at all.
Artisan's Tools, Masterwork: These tools serve the same purpose as artisan's tools (above), but masterwork artisan's tools are the perfect tools for the job, so you get a +2 circumstance bonus on Craft checks made with them.
Climber's Kit: This is the perfect tool for climbing and gives you a +2 circumstance bonus on Climb checks.
Disguise Kit: The kit is the perfect tool for disguise and provides a +2 circumstance bonus on Disguise checks. A disguise kit is exhausted after ten uses.
Healer's Kit: It is the perfect tool for healing and provides a +2 circumstance bonus on Heal checks. A healer's kit is exhausted after ten uses.
Holy Symbol, Silver or Wooden: A holy symbol focuses positive energy. A cleric or paladin uses it as the focus for his spells and as a tool for turning undead. Each religion has its own holy symbol.
Unholy Symbols: An unholy symbol is like a holy symbol except that it focuses negative energy and is used by evil clerics (or by neutral clerics who want to cast evil spells or command undead).
Magnifying Glass: This simple lens allows a closer look at small objects. It is also useful as a substitute for flint and steel when starting fires. Lighting a fire with a magnifying glass requires light as bright as sunlight to focus, tinder to ignite, and at least a full-round action. A magnifying glass grants a +2 circumstance bonus on Appraise checks
involving any item that is small or highly detailed.
Musical Instrument, Common or Masterwork: A masterwork instrument grants a +2 circumstance bonus on Perform checks involving its use.
Scale, Merchant's: A scale grants a +2 circumstance bonus on Appraise checks involving items that are valued by weight, including anything made of precious metals.
Spell Component Pouch: A spellcaster with a spell component pouch is assumed to have all the material components and focuses needed for spellcasting, except for those components that have a specific cost, divine focuses, and focuses that wouldn't fit in a pouch.
Spellbook, Wizard's (Blank): A spellbook has 100 pages of parchment, and each spell takes up one page per tier (one page each for 0-tier spells).
Thieves' Tools: This kit contains the tools you need to use the Disable Device and Open Lock skills. Without these tools, you must improvise tools, and you take a –2 circumstance penalty on Disable Device and Open Locks checks.
Thieves' Tools, Masterwork: This kit contains extra tools and tools of better make, which grant a +2 circumstance bonus on Disable Device and Open Lock checks.
Tool, Masterwork: This well-made item is the perfect tool for the job. It grants a +2 circumstance bonus on a related skill check (if any). Bonuses provided by multiple masterwork items used toward the same skill check do not stack.
Water Clock: This large, bulky contrivance gives the time accurate to within half an hour per day since it was last set. It requires a source of water, and it must be kept still because it marks time by the regulated flow of droplets of water.

CLOTHING
Artisan's Outfit: This outfit includes a shirt with buttons, a skirt or pants with a drawstring, shoes, and perhaps a cap or hat. It may also include a belt or a leather or cloth apron for carrying tools.
Cleric's Vestments: These ecclesiastical clothes are for performing priestly functions, not for adventuring.
Cold Weather Outfit: A cold weather outfit includes a wool coat, linen shirt, wool cap, heavy cloak, thick pants or skirt, and
boots. This outfit grants a +5 circumstance bonus on Fortitude saving throws against exposure to cold weather.
Courtier's Outfit: This outfit includes fancy, tailored clothes in whatever fashion happens to be the current style in the courts of the nobles. Anyone trying to influence nobles or courtiers while wearing street dress will have a hard time of it (–2 penalty on Charisma-based skill checks to influence such individuals). If you wear this outfit without jewelry (costing an additional 50 gp), you look like an out-of-place commoner.
Entertainer's Outfit: This set of flashy, perhaps even gaudy, clothes is for entertaining. While the outfit looks whimsical, its practical design lets you tumble, dance, walk a tightrope, or just run (if the audience turns ugly).
Explorer's Outfit: This is a full set of clothes for someone who never knows what to expect. It includes sturdy boots, leather breeches or a skirt, a belt, a shirt (perhaps with a vest or jacket), gloves, and a cloak. Rather than a leather skirt, a leather overtunic may be worn over a cloth skirt. The clothes have plenty of pockets (especially the cloak). The outfit also includes any extra items you might need, such as a scarf or a wide-brimmed hat.
Monk's Outfit: This simple outfit includes sandals, loose breeches, and a loose shirt, and is all bound together with sashes. The outfit is designed to give you maximum mobility, and it's made of high-quality fabric. You can hide small weapons in pockets hidden in the folds, and the sashes are strong enough to serve as short ropes.
Noble's Outfit: This set of clothes is designed specifically to be expensive and to show it. Precious metals and gems are worked into the clothing. To fit into the noble crowd, every would-be noble also needs a signet ring (see Adventuring Gear, above) and jewelry (worth at least 100 gp).
Peasant's Outfit: This set of clothes consists of a loose shirt and baggy breeches, or a loose shirt and skirt or overdress. Cloth wrappings are used for shoes.
Royal Outfit: This is just the clothing, not the royal scepter, crown, ring, and other accoutrements. Royal clothes are ostentatious, with gems, gold, silk, and fur in abundance.
Scholar's Outfit: Perfect for a scholar, this outfit includes a robe, a belt, a cap, soft shoes, and possibly a cloak.
Traveler's Outfit: This set of clothes consists of boots, a wool skirt or breeches, a sturdy belt, a shirt (perhaps with a vest or jacket), and an ample cloak with a hood.

FOOD, DRINK, AND LODGING
Inn: Poor accommodations at an inn amount to a place on the floor near the hearth. Common accommodations consist of a place on a raised, heated floor, the use of a blanket and a pillow. Good accommodations consist of a small, private room with one bed, some amenities, and a covered chamber pot in the corner.
Meals: Poor meals might be composed of bread, baked turnips, onions, and water. Common meals might consist of bread, chicken stew, carrots, and watered-down ale or wine. Good meals might be composed of bread and pastries, beef, peas, and ale or wine.

MOUNTS AND RELATED GEAR
Barding, Medium Creature and Large Creature: Barding is a type of armor that covers the head, neck, chest, body, and possibly legs of a horse or other mount. Barding made of medium or heavy armor provides better protection than light barding, but at the expense of speed. Barding can be made of any of the armor types found on Table: Armor and Shields.
Armor for a horse (a Large nonhumanoid creature) costs four times as much as armor for a human (a Medium humanoid creature) and also weighs twice as much as the armor found on Table: Armor and Shields (see Armor for Unusual Creatures). If the barding is for a pony or other Medium mount, the cost is only double, and the weight is the same as for Medium armor worn by a humanoid. Medium or heavy barding slows a mount that wears it, as shown on the table below.

———— Base Speed —––——
Barding (40 ft.) (50 ft.) (60 ft.)
Medium 30 ft. 35 ft. 40 ft.
Heavy 30 ft. 1 35 ft. 1 40 ft. 1
1 A mount wearing heavy armor moves at only triple its normal speed when running instead of quadruple.        

Flying mounts can't fly in medium or heavy barding.
Removing and fitting barding takes five times as long as the figures given on Table: Donning Armor. A barded animal cannot be used to carry any load other than the rider and normal saddlebags.
Dog, Riding: This Medium dog is specially trained to carry a Small humanoid rider. It is brave in combat like a warhorse. You take no damage when you fall from a riding dog.
Donkey or Mule: Donkeys and mules are stolid in the face of danger, hardy, surefooted, and capable of carrying heavy loads over vast distances. Unlike a horse, a donkey or a mule is willing (though not eager) to enter dungeons and other strange or threatening places.
Feed: Horses, donkeys, mules, and ponies can graze to sustain themselves, but providing feed for them is much better. If you have a riding dog, you have to feed it at least some meat.
Horse: A horse (other than a pony) is suitable as a mount for a human, dwarf, elf, half-elf, or half-orc. A pony is smaller than a horse and is a suitable mount for a gnome or halfling.
Warhorses and warponies can be ridden easily into combat. Light horses, ponies, and heavy horses are hard to control in combat.
Saddle, Exotic: An exotic saddle is like a normal saddle of the same sort except that it is designed for an unusual mount. Exotic saddles come in military, pack, and riding styles.
Saddle, Military: A military saddle braces the rider, providing a +2 circumstance bonus on Ride checks related to staying in the saddle. If you're knocked unconscious while in a military saddle, you have a 75% chance to stay in the saddle (compared to 50% for a riding saddle).
Saddle, Pack: A pack saddle holds gear and supplies, but not a rider. It holds as much gear as the mount can carry.
Saddle, Riding: The standard riding saddle supports a rider.

TRANSPORT
Carriage: This four-wheeled vehicle can transport as many as four people within an enclosed cab, plus two drivers. In general, two horses (or other beasts of burden) draw it. A carriage comes with the harness needed to pull it.
Cart: This two-wheeled vehicle can be drawn by a single horse (or other beast of burden). It comes with a harness.
Galley: This three-masted ship has seventy oars on either side and requires a total crew of 200. A galley is 130 feet long and 20 feet wide, and it can carry 150 tons of cargo or 250 soldiers. For 8,000 gp more, it can be fitted with a ram and castles with firing platforms fore, aft, and amidships. This ship cannot make sea voyages and sticks to the coast. It moves about 4 miles per hour when being rowed or under sail.
Keelboat: This 50- to 75-foot-long ship is 15 to 20 feet wide and has a few oars to supplement its single mast with a square sail. It has a crew of eight to fifteen and can carry 40 to 50 tons of cargo or 100 soldiers. It can make sea voyages, as well as sail down rivers (thanks to its flat bottom). It moves about 1 mile per hour.
Longship: This 75-foot-long ship with forty oars requires a total crew of 50. It has a single mast and a square sail, and it can carry 50 tons of cargo or 120 soldiers. A longship can make sea voyages. It moves about 3 miles per hour when being rowed or under sail.
Rowboat: This 8- to 12-foot-long boat holds two or three Medium passengers. It moves about 1-1/2 miles per hour.
Sailing Ship: This larger, seaworthy ship is 75 to 90 feet long and 20 feet wide and has a crew of 20. It can carry 150 tons of cargo. It has square sails on its two masts and can make sea voyages. It moves about 2 miles per hour.
Sled: This is a wagon on runners for moving through snow and over ice. In general, two horses (or other beasts of burden) draw it. A sled comes with the harness needed to pull it.
Wagon: This is a four-wheeled, open vehicle for transporting heavy loads. In general, two horses (or other beasts of burden) draw it. A wagon comes with the harness needed to pull it.
Warship: This 100-foot-long ship has a single mast, although oars can also propel it. It has a crew of 60 to 80 rowers. This ship can carry 160 soldiers, but not for long distances, since there isn't room for supplies to support that many people. The warship cannot make sea voyages and sticks to the coast. It is not used for cargo. It moves about 2-1/2 miles per hour when being rowed or under sail.

SPELLCASTING AND SERVICES
Sometimes the best solution for a problem is to hire someone else to take care of it.
Coach Cab: The price given is for a ride in a coach that transports people (and light cargo) between towns. For a ride in a cab that transports passengers within a city, 1 copper piece usually takes you anywhere you need to go.
Hireling, Trained: The amount given is the typical daily wage for mercenary warriors, masons, craftsmen, scribes, teamsters, and other trained hirelings. This value represents a minimum wage; many such hirelings require significantly higher pay.
Hireling, Untrained: The amount shown is the typical daily wage for laborers, porters, cooks, maids, and other menial workers.
Messenger: This entry includes horse-riding messengers and runners. Those willing to carry a message to a place they were going anyway may ask for only half the indicated amount.
Road or Gate Toll: A toll is sometimes charged to cross a well-trodden, well-kept, and well-guarded road to pay for patrols on it and for its upkeep. Occasionally, a large walled city charges a toll to enter or exit (or sometimes just to enter).
Ship's Passage: Most ships do not specialize in passengers, but many have the capability to take a few along when transporting cargo. Double the given cost for creatures larger than Medium or creatures that are otherwise difficult to bring aboard a ship.
Spell: The indicated amount is how much it costs to get a spellcaster to cast a spell for you. This cost assumes that you can go to the spellcaster and have the spell cast at his or her convenience (generally at least 24 hours later, so that the spellcaster has time to prepare the spell in question). If you want to bring the spellcaster somewhere to cast a spell you need to negotiate with him or her, and the default answer is no.
The cost given is for a spell with no cost for a material component or focus component and no XP cost. If the spell includes a material component, add the cost of that component to the cost of the spell.
If the spell has a focus component (other than a divine focus), add 1/10 the cost of that focus to the cost of the spell. If the spell has an XP cost, add 5 gp per XP lost.
Furthermore, if a spell has dangerous consequences, the spellcaster will certainly require proof that you can and will pay for dealing with any such consequences (that is, assuming that the spellcaster even agrees to cast such a spell, which isn't certain). In the case of spells that transport the caster and characters over a distance, you will likely have to pay for two castings of the spell, even if you aren't returning with the caster.
In addition, not every town or village has a spellcaster of sufficient level to cast any spell. In general, you must travel to a small town (or larger settlement) to be reasonably assured of finding a spellcaster capable of casting 1st-level spells, a large town for 2nd-level spells, a small city for 3rd- or 4th-level spells, a large city for 5th- or 6th-level spells, and a metropolis for 7th- or 8th-level spells. Even a metropolis isn't guaranteed to have a local spellcaster able to cast 9th-level spells.